Risk factors

explain the below Aetiology of Asthma, Pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and Management of
including pharmacology also need to mention 2 nutritional Risk factors:

AetiologY: Incl.: Immune-mediated factors/Genetic & environmental, Hygiene hypothesis

Pathogenesis: Incl.:First exposure & re-exposure /Effects of chemical mediators, Role of eosinophils

Clinical manifestations: Incl.: Acute airway ? /Airway remodelling explained

Management(Incl. pharmacology): B2 agonists and corticosteroids explained.Other relevant drug
groups explained.

Risk factors(incl. nutritional): Two nutritional factors are explained.

ASTHMA

OVERVIEW

 Aetiology
 Pathogenesis
 Clinical manifestations

 Pharmacology management
 Introduction of asthma

Definition of asthma
 Chronic inflammatory airway disease featured by reversible airflow interference and
airway hyperresponsiveness.

ASTHMA 2

Aetiology of asthma
 Environmental related factors to asthma

1. Size of the family (overpopulation)
2. Urban environment (different lifestyles)
3. Childhood factors (drinking of unpasteurized milk)
    Immune mediated factors

 There exist a relationship between immune-mediated disease and improving
the standard of living and hygiene
 The hygiene hypothesis aims to establish that asthma is caused by hygiene-
related factors. The immune –related factors to asthma includes diabetes
which decreases patients’ tolerance to asthma (Hassan&Suresh, 2009).
 The hygiene hypothesis establishes that asthma is caused by hygiene-related
factors.

Pathogenesis to counter-attack asthma
 First encounter

 Asthma is normally worse to patients during their first encounter than
during their second or third encounters.

 Second encounter

ASTHMA 3

 Mild effects during the second encounter. This is so because the cell
has been introduced to the disease and therefore, responds
spontaneously during the second time.

 Chemical mediators to asthma

 Some of chemical mediators are used in pathogenesis which is still
consequently frequented with adverse effects (O.P.A.S., 2012).

 ASA

Dispensing of ASA, for instance, can lead to a potentially life threatening
bronchospasm.
 Esinophilis

 Eosinophilis plays an important role in the development of allergic
asthma. This is to prevent asthma’s patient from the effects of asthma
during the second or third exposures.
Clinical manifestation

 Clinical manifestations of asthma are diversified.

 Air ways

 Air modeling is usually associated with an underlying chronic
inflammatory activity (O.P.A.S., 2012).
 A patient with asthma is established to have thickened airway walls,
and as result, leads to airway narrowing.

ASTHMA 4

 Air modeling

1. Air modeling is said to contribute to airway hyperresponsiveness and
   subphenophytes of irreversible airflows interference (Hassan &Suresh, 2009).
   Management of asthma using pharmacology
    Asthma can be dealt with using B2 agonists and corticosteroids.
    A prolong inhaling of B2 agonist (LABA) to an inhaled corticosteroids
   (ICS), gives an optimal control over asthma in many patients.
    Other relevant drug groups to counter asthma include low-dose
   theophylline which is mostly applied to patients with severe disease
   which appears to have some anti-asthma effects that ICS does not
   provide (O.P.A.S., 2012).

Risk factors
 Nutritional problems

 Margarine effects

 High intake of margarine increases susceptibility to get asthma in
adulthood
 Vegetables

 Asthma and vegetables are correlated.

ASTHMA 5

 People who do not frequent their diet with vegetables get a higher
chance to contact asthma than those who take it
(Hassan &Suresh, 2009).
Summary
 Aetiolgy of asthma
 Pathogenesis of the disorder

 Clinical manifestation of asthma
 Management of asthma with pharmacology
 Risk factors of developing asthma

Relevancies

 Asthma is a very complicated disease to handle.
 Aspects such as effective pathogenesis, aetiology, immediate detection
of the disease and effective medications are put into practice,
 The chances are that prevalence of the disease will decrease
simultaneously.

ASTHMA 6

References
 Hassan, H., Suresh, B. (2009).Asthma. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
 O.P.A.S. (2012). Prevention and control of diseases: chronic respiratory disease.