Case Study of Danial Assessment Paper
Instructions: Respond to the questions at the end of this case study for EACH separate part. As you
progress through the assessment requirements, be careful to integrate information from both the current
and preceding parts into your responses, as they provide you with valuable history.
Think of each part as your first exposure to Danial, but in each successive part, consider all material from
the previous scenarios. For example:
� When you respond to the questions for Part 1, all the information you know about Danial is contained
in Part 1. Your answers will relate to ONLY this scenario.
� When you respond to the questions for Part 2, you will have access to the expanded history. You will
be expected to respond to the scenario presented in Part 2, but you will also be aware of his previous
history detailed in Part 1, as if Part 1 was information from a medical record. Be sure to integrate this
Introduction
This paper intends to come up with an analysis of a case study of Danial Assessment
Paper. To achieve this task the essay will look at Danial’s Assessment Paper in four parts.
Part 1
Diagnostic hypotheses for Danial
A lot of people associate Danial’s behaviors with stubbornness in children, believing they
are something you grow out of (Brooks, 2014). However, it is not uncommon for children
growing to become teens and adults to experience the nightmares as well (Flynn, Johnson,
Bolton, & Mojtabai, 2016). In fact, in every 2 adults will experience nightmares now and again,
while 2% to 8% of the adult population suffers from chronic or recurring nightmares Last, F. M.
(2012, 5,12 ) post traumatic stress disorder (Crafter, 2015). The nightmares are characterized by
vividly realistic images, thoughts and emotions which cause your heart to beat faster and
CASE STUDY OF DANIAL ASSESSMENT PAPER
sometimes even force you to wake from your sleep (Ferns, 2016). Sometimes details of the
nightmare will be remembered and the terrifying or disturbing images can be difficult to shake
(Flynn, Johnson, Bolton, & Mojtabai, 2016). As a result, nightmares affect the quality of sleep,
leading to physical exhaustion and mental anxiety along with stress. If your sleep is being
interrupted by nightmares, it can cause issues in other areas of your life and even lead to long-
term health problems (Glăveanu, 2011). Therefore, it is important to understand the source of the
nightmares and take steps to prevent them (Ferns, 2016).
Notably, it is very common for pre-school children to develop specific fears or phobias,
where most common fears in early childhood include animals, insects, storms, heights, water,
blood, and the dark, though these fears usually go away gradually on their own (“The Social
Environment and Suicide Attempts in Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Youth”, 2011). Throughout a
child’s life there will be other times when they feel anxiety, for instance lots of children feel
anxious when going to a new school, for example, or before tests and exams, while some
children feel shy in social situations and may need support with this (“Living out Islam: voices of
gay, lesbian, and transgender Muslims”, 2014).
Danial is seven years by age and is in second grade. He can be easily mistaken for a girl
due to his fashion and looks quite tiny for his age. Danial parents, Yalda his mother is 34 years
and his father Nasir is 39years.his father runs three convenience stores.Danial has a brother
fifteen years of age who is perfect in athletes and is the best player in scoring in his high school
team. Danial parents moves to from Pakistan 10 years ago and they brought Yalda parents with
them. danial looks frightened when they entered the office danial clings onto his mother on the
one end of the sofa. Danial has complained of stomachaches since beginning of New Year in the
CASE STUDY OF DANIAL ASSESSMENT PAPER
new school. His mother thinks that Danial wants to stay at home since he used to behave the
same way in kindergarten and the first months of his first grade schooling.
Further diagnostic information needed
It is important to keep Danial’s bedroom neat, and make sure it’s dark enough while also
avoid temperatures that are too hot or cold (Ferns, 2016). In addition, make sure his bed is
comfortable by use of a white noise machine to block out any undesirable sounds, while also
reserve the bedroom for sleeping since working in the bedroom may cause one to associate it
with stress (Shah, 2016). Moreover, it is important to make sure that Danial is involved in
physical exercise as a way of improving his sleep, hence finding an activity that Danial enjoys,
whether it’s running, strength training, dancing, rowing or rock climbing and encouraging him to
work out 3 to 5 times a week would be effective (Harre, 2016). Moreover, exercise time should
be schedule for the morning if possible, which implies that one should not exercise right before
bed as it will leave them too amped up for sleep (Heru, 2012).
Furthermore, it is important to ensure that Danial also has bonding time with his brother,
which is fundamental in owning to the fact that his brother likes sports, which also help Danial as
he drifts off to sleep, by making him have happy thoughts (MacIver, 2013). Encouraging Danial
to be anything he likes through trying to imagine himself as a superhero saving the world, or a
famous actor or heading off on his dream holiday may positively impact on assiststing Danial to
focus on his goals and envision himself achieving (McAndrew & Warne, 2012).
Impact of culture, and ethnic issues along with psychosexual issues on the life of Danial and
his family using diathesis-stress outlook
CASE STUDY OF DANIAL ASSESSMENT PAPER
Some psychologists believe that today’s middle-years youngsters actually are faced with
more stress than the children of previous generations were and have fewer social supports
available, due to changes in family structure from the large, supportive, extended families
(including both parents, aunts, uncles and grandparents) of previous generations, to the present
high incidence of divorced families, single-parent families and stepfamilies, which has
drastically altered the experience of childhood hence millions of youngsters are forced to adjust
to such changes (Klasios, 2014). However, even in intact and stable families, the growing
number of households with two working parents often forces children to spend more time in
after-school programs or at home alone, which leads to some children experiencing stress due to
loss of time with their parents, which forces them to have the responsibility for caring for
themselves and the family home and sometimes for overseeing a younger sibling after school
(MacIver, 2013). Many children and their families are stressed by the multiple activities that fill
children’s “free time.” Overscheduled children with inadequate “down time” can become
exhausted (Heru, 2012).
Danial is a member of a muslim family. Moreover, Danial’s family is more interested in
maintaining the culture of their country of origin, as opposed to assimilating to the American
culture. Notably, the culture of Danial’s family’s country of origin is influenced largely by
religion, which is muslim religion. However, in America there are approximately 2 to 8 million
muslims. The population of muslims in America is ethnically diverse, and originates from over
80 countries across four continents. Two thirds of the muslims in America are immigrants.
Consequently, some American muslims are pious, while others are only moderately religious,
whereas others are secular and don’t practice Islam, they only relate to it. Some American
muslims may attend the mosque once a week and also pray daily while other American muslims
CASE STUDY OF DANIAL ASSESSMENT PAPER
rarely practice or engage in Islam. Therefore, this implies that, since when Danial was a child, he
interacted with fellow muslims, who had different levels of engagent to Islam and hence
influencing Danial’s growth and belief in Islam.
Today’s children are also being raised in an era in which they are exposed to violence and
peer pressure about sexual activity and drug use and are warned to be cautious about kidnapping,
sexual abuse and other crimes, which creates the sense that they are living in an unsafe world
hence gradually developing a constant source of stress for some children (Roe, 2015). In short,
today’s youngsters are regularly confronted with challenges to their coping skills and often are
expected to grow up too fast, which is also presented in Danial’s case where we see that danial
parents moved from Pakistan to United States ten years ago, later they helped yalda parents
move to United States (McAndrew, & Warne, 2012). The family being from a Muslim culture,
they find it hard to fit into American culture, especially Yalda’s parent who embraces their origin
in culture, while it is also documented that Danial has never been comfortable being left with a
baby sitter since he was a toddler, which is an American culture (Knights, 2012).
Therefore, it is important to ensure that Danial also has bonding time with his brother,
which is fundamental in owning to the fact that his brother likes sports, which also help Danial as
he drifts off to sleep, by making him have happy thoughts (MacIver, 2013). Encouraging Danial
to be anything he likes through trying to imagine himself as a superhero saving the world, or a
famous actor or heading off on his dream holiday may positively impact on assiststing Danial to
focus on his goals and envision himself achieving (McAndrew & Warne, 2012).
Part 2
CASE STUDY OF DANIAL ASSESSMENT PAPER
Diagnostic hypotheses for Danial
Danial’s disturbances are bound to occur during the deeper stages of sleep and so tend to
happen in the first few hours of going to bed, which Danial experiences in form of an intense
feeling of fear, which is not accompanied by dreams or images, but rather is often accompanied
by movement (thrashing or sitting upright in bed) which may cause the him to wake up but
usually Danial cannot remember why he was so frightened upon waking (“Living out Islam:
voices of gay, lesbian, and transgender Muslims”, 2014). Intially in the presented case study
Danial is small in appearance and loves girly things. We see that he loves playing with girls and
dolls too. His father is uncomfortable since he wishes Danial to be like his brother who loves
playing soccer and he is the best in his high school team. His discomfort is evident when he rolls
his eye during the interview explaining to me about danial behavior. Danial is seven years by age
and is in second grade. He can be easily mistaken for a girl due to his fashion and looks quite
tiny for his age. Danial parents, Yalda his mother is 34 years and his father Nasir is 39years.his
father runs three convenience stores.Danial has a brother fifteen years of age who is perfect in
athletes and is the best player in scoring in his high school team. Danial parents moves to from
Pakistan 10 years ago and they brought Yalda parents with them. danial looks frightened when
they entered the office danial clings onto his mother on the one end of the sofa. Danial has
complained of stomachaches since beginning of New Year in the new school. His mother thinks
that Danial wants to stay at home since he used to behave the same way in kindergarten and the
first months of his first grade schooling.
Moreover, in Danial’s case he loves someone to keep him company during the night till
he falls asleep but his father Nasir ensured that he stopped it. Danial would cry like a baby when
he was left alone. Danial has been often sleeping outside his parent’s bedroom door due to his
CASE STUDY OF DANIAL ASSESSMENT PAPER
nightmares about his mother being kidnapped. When danial was a toddler he had troubles staying
with the babysitter as he would cry all night long. This made danial to be left under care of his
grandparent’s but still he wouldn’t stop crying, his mother had to stay with him. his mother
makes effort to move away and make him sit straight from danial since the whole time of the
interview danial tightly holds her mother’s hand .when I asks Danial if he is frightened he nods
his head and he tells me that he worries all the time that something might happen to his mother,
when I check their famiy history I see no traits of mental abuse, physical abuse, neglect,
domestic violence or substance abuse.
Although nightmares in children often happen spontaneously with no serious underlying
cause, sometimes they occur as a result of psychological conditions such as anxiety, depression
or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (“Living out Islam: voices of gay, lesbian, and
transgender Muslims”, 2014). Notably, it is very common for pre-school children to develop
specific fears or phobias, where most common fears in early childhood include animals, insects,
storms, heights, water, blood, and the dark, though these fears usually go away gradually on their
own (“The Social Environment and Suicide Attempts in Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Youth”,
2011). Throughout a child’s life there will be other times when they feel anxiety, for instance lots
of children feel anxious when going to a new school, for example, or before tests and exams,
while some children feel shy in social situations and may need support with this (“Living out
Islam: voices of gay, lesbian, and transgender Muslims”, 2014).
This situation is particularly likely if the sufferer has recently experienced a traumatic or
life-changing event, such as the loss of a loved one, changing or losing a job, having a baby,
undergoing surgery or being involved in an accident, while sometimes nightmares are a symptom
CASE STUDY OF DANIAL ASSESSMENT PAPER
of another sleep disorder such as sleep apnea or restless leg symptom, whereas other times, a
person is just genetically predisposed towards nightmares, as research has shown that the
likelihood of having nightmares runs in the family (Flynn, Johnson, Bolton, & Mojtabai, 2016).
In Danial’s case he loves someone to keep him company during the night till he falls
asleep but his father Nasir ensured that he stopped it. Danial would cry like a baby when he was
left alone. Danial has been often sleeping outside his parent’s bedroom door due to his
nightmares about his mother being kidnapped. When danial was a toddler he had troubles staying
with the babysitter as he would cry all night long. This made danial to be left under care of his
grandparent’s but still he wouldn’t stop crying, his mother had to stay with him. his mother
makes effort to move away and make him sit straight from danial since the whole time of the
interview danial tightly holds her mother’s hand .when I asks Danial if he is frightened he nods
his head and he tells me that he worries all the time that something might happen to his mother,
when I check their famiy history I see no traits of mental abuse, physical abuse, neglect,
domestic violence or substance abuse.
Further diagnostic information needed
Notably, One of the biggest stressors for kids is being overscheduled, yet, today, kids are
expected to pay attention and perform in school for seven hours, excel at extracurricular
activities, come home, finish homework, and go to bed just to do it all over again the next day,
which leaves children with no downtime (Flynn, Johnson, Bolton, & Mojtabai, 2016). It is
important for kids to have downtime to rejuvenate, their brains while their bodies need to rest
though children might not realize this by themselves, hence it is the task of the parents to know
CASE STUDY OF DANIAL ASSESSMENT PAPER
when their child is overscheduled as it is important (“The Social Environment and Suicide
Attempts in Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Youth”, 2011).
Danial is a member of a muslim family. Moreover, Danial’s family is more interested in
maintaining the culture of their country of origin, as opposed to assimilating to the American
culture. Notably, the culture of Danial’s family’s country of origin is influenced largely by
religion, which is muslim religion. However, in America there are approximately 2 to 8 million
muslims. The population of muslims in America is ethnically diverse, and originates from over
80 countries across four continents. Two thirds of the muslims in America are immigrants.
Consequently, some American muslims are pious, while others are only moderately religious,
whereas others are secular and don’t practice Islam, they only relate to it. Some American
muslims may attend the mosque once a week and also pray daily while other American muslims
rarely practice or engage in Islam. Therefore, this implies that, since when Danial was a child, he
interacted with fellow muslims, who had different levels of engagent to Islam and hence
influencing Danial’s growth and belief in Islam.
It is therefore recommendable for one to look at their kids’ schedules over the course of a
week, and make sure that there is enough downtime when the parent is not watching the clock,
by ensuring that there several hours on the weekend or a few nights during the week when their
child can simply kick back and relax (“The Social Environment and Suicide Attempts in
Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Youth”, 2011). In addition, it is also important for parents to pay
attention to how their family is eating their meals and identifying whether everybody is eating on
the run, in the car, grabbing and going, since that is an indicator that too much is going on
(McAndrew & Warne, 2012).
CASE STUDY OF DANIAL ASSESSMENT PAPER
In Danial’s case he loves someone to keep him company during the night till he falls
asleep but his father Nasir ensured that he stopped it. Danial would cry like a baby when he was
left alone. Danial has been often sleeping outside his parent’s bedroom door due to his
nightmares about his mother being kidnapped. When danial was a toddler he had troubles staying
with the babysitter as he would cry all night long. This made danial to be left under care of his
grandparent’s but still he wouldn’t stop crying, his mother had to stay with him. his mother
makes effort to move away and make him sit straight from danial since the whole time of the
interview danial tightly holds her mother’s hand .when I asks Danial if he is frightened he nods
his head and he tells me that he worries all the time that something might happen to his mother,
when I check their famiy history I see no traits of mental abuse, physical abuse, neglect,
domestic violence or substance abuse.
Impact of culture, and ethnic issues along with psychosexual issues on the life of Danial and
his family using diathesis-stress outlook
Notably, it is very common for pre-school children to develop specific fears or phobias,
where most common fears in early childhood include animals, insects, storms, heights, water,
blood, and the dark, though these fears usually go away gradually on their own (“The Social
Environment and Suicide Attempts in Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Youth”, 2011). Throughout a
child’s life there will be other times when they feel anxiety, for instance lots of children feel
anxious when going to a new school, for example, or before tests and exams, while some
children feel shy in social situations and may need support with this (“Living out Islam: voices of
gay, lesbian, and transgender Muslims”, 2014).
CASE STUDY OF DANIAL ASSESSMENT PAPER
Severe anxiety like this can harm children’s mental and emotional wellbeing, affecting
their self-esteem and confidence, hence they may become withdrawn and go to great lengths to
avoid things or situations that make them feel anxious (“Living out Islam: voices of gay, lesbian,
and transgender Muslims”, 2014). Therefore, it is important to talk to Danial about his anxiety or
worries and reassuring and show him that you understand how he feels, since Danial is now a
child who is old enough, it may help to explain what anxiety is and the physical effects it has on
our bodies, thus it may be helpful to describe anxiety as being like a wave that builds up and then
ebbs away again (“The Social Environment and Suicide Attempts in Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual
Youth”, 2011).
Notably, as a child, due to his continuous cries when left by the mother, they opted that
Danial would stay with yalda’s parents. Danial always wanted someone to keeping him company
till he falls asleep but his father put a stop to that although he would cry terribly. That was when
he was in kindergarten. Danial has also been having nightmares hence has also been found a
couple of times sleeping outside his parent’s bedroom door as he complained that he has
nightmares of his mother being kidnapped.
Moreover, Danial’s always loved someone to keep him company during the night till he
falls asleep but his father Nasir ensured that he stopped it. Danial would cry like a baby when he
was left alone. Danial has been often sleeping outside his parent’s bedroom door due to his
nightmares about his mother being kidnapped. When danial was a toddler he had troubles staying
with the babysitter as he would cry all night long. This made danial to be left under care of his
grandparent’s but still he wouldn’t stop crying, his mother had to stay with him. his mother
makes effort to move away and make him sit straight from danial since the whole time of the
CASE STUDY OF DANIAL ASSESSMENT PAPER
interview danial tightly holds her mother’s hand .when I asks Danial if he is frightened he nods
his head and he tells me that he worries all the time that something might happen to his mother,
when I check their famiy history I see no traits of mental abuse, physical abuse, neglect,
domestic violence or substance abuse.
Part 3
Diagnostic hypotheses for Danial
When a child’s nightmares are the result of an underlying condition such as sleep apnea
or restless leg symptom, receiving treatment for these conditions should help to reduce them
(“The Social Environment and Suicide Attempts in Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Youth”, 2011).
Notably, it is very common for pre-school children to develop specific fears or phobias, where
most common fears in early childhood include animals, insects, storms, heights, water, blood,
and the dark, though these fears usually go away gradually on their own (“The Social
Environment and Suicide Attempts in Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Youth”, 2011). Throughout a
child’s life there will be other times when they feel anxiety, for instance lots of children feel
anxious when going to a new school, for example, or before tests and exams, while some
children feel shy in social situations and may need support with this (“Living out Islam: voices of
gay, lesbian, and transgender Muslims”, 2014).
Danial’s nightmares are related to anxiety, depression or PTSD, certain forms of therapy
or medications might help to alleviate these conditions and lessen nightmares, in particular, a
drug known as Prazosin is often prescribed to help patients with PTSD, anxiety and panic
CASE STUDY OF DANIAL ASSESSMENT PAPER
disorders, and can alleviate nightmares too (“The Social Environment and Suicide Attempts in
Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Youth”, 2011).
Moreover, it is also important to involve a medical doctor in attending to Danial so as to
figure out the best option of treatment option for Danial, as it is also important to note that
certain medications can increase the likelihood of nightmares, so speaking to a doctor is essential
in identifying whether certain medications can cause issues in Danial’s health (“The Social
Environment and Suicide Attempts in Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Youth”, 2011).
Notably, Anti-depressants and certain blood pressure medications are often responsible
for causing nightmares, so speaking to a medical doctor about switching to a different drug is
crucial since, sometimes a change in dosage or coming off a particular drug can cause
nightmares, in which case the bad dreams experienced by Danial should subside once his body
adjusts therefore, the main concern is denial staying away from his parents, all other
development signs fall inside the standard (Roe, 2015).
His father complains that Danial loves to play with dolls and girls unlike his brother who
kloves playing soccer. His father wishes Danila to be like his brother. Danial is afraid that
something bad might happen to his mother, this is diathesis stress. This is making him to be
irrational. He usually complains about stomachaches which uses it to seek attention. It seems that
his parents don’t him much attention .he also loves girls fashion and loves to play with dolls and
girls unlike his brother. His father doesn’t seem happy since we see him rolling his eyes when he
is explaining. The father can’t deal with psychosexual issues of Danial.
Further diagnostic information needed
CASE STUDY OF DANIAL ASSESSMENT PAPER
When a person is in middle age, pressures may come from a number of sources, such as
within the person himself, as well as from parents, teachers, peers and the larger society in which
the person lives (Roe, 2015). Additionally, pressure can take many forms that challenge
individuals and to which they must respond and, often, adapt, whether these are events of lasting
consequence like the divorce of their parents, or merely a minor hassle like losing their
homework, these demands or stresses are a part of individual’s daily existence (McAndrew &
Warne, 2012).
In the case of children, they welcome some events and are able to adapt to them with
relative ease, while perceiving other events as threats to their own routines or the family’s daily
routines or general sense of well-being, and these stresses are more troublesome (McAndrew &
Warne, 2012). Most stress faced by children is in the middle, neither welcomed nor seriously
harmful, but rather a part of accomplishing the tasks of childhood and learning about themselves
(Roe, 2015).
Young adults may also worry about making friends, succeeding in school, combating
peer pressure or overcoming a physical impairment, whatever its form, if stress is too intense or
long-lasting, it can sometimes take a toll on individuals (Flynn, Johnson, Bolton, & Mojtabai,
2016). Clusters of stressful events seem to predispose children to illness, such as major events,
especially those that forever change a child’s family, like the death of a parent, can have lasting
effects on children’s psychological health and well-being, while minor daily stresses can also
have consequences, which may contribute to loss of sleep or appetite, individuals may also
become angry or irritable or their school grades may suffer, while their behavior and their
willingness to cooperate may change (Klasios, 2014).
CASE STUDY OF DANIAL ASSESSMENT PAPER
Impact of culture, and ethnic issues along with psychosexual issues on the life of Danial and
his family using diathesis-stress outlook
For many adults, childhood can seem like a carefree time, but for children they still
experience stress, through activities such as school and their social life, which may sometimes
create pressures that result in overwhelming for kids (Klasios, 2014). As a parent, you cannot
protect your kids from stress, but you can help them develop healthy ways to cope with stress
and solve everyday problems, since children deal with stress in both healthy and unhealthy ways,
while they may not initiate a conversation about what’s bothering them, they do want their
parents to reach out and help them cope with their troubles (McAndrew, & Warne, 2012).
Notably, young adults don’t always feel like talking about what’s bothering them, which
sometimes is not bad, hence letting your children know you’ll be there when they do feel like
talking is important since, even when kids don’t want to talk, they usually don’t want parents to
leave them alone (McAndrew, & Warne, 2012). As a parent one can help their child feel better
just by being there, keeping him or her company, spending time together, which therefore means
that if a parent notices their child seems to be down in the dumps, stressed, or having a bad day,
but doesn’t feel like talking , then it is important to initiate something they can do together, like
taking a walk, watching a movie, shooting some hoops, or baking some cookies, which proves
the importance of being present (Roe, 2015).
Moreover, as a parent it is important to be patient since it is a key component though it
hurts to see your child unhappy or stressed, effectively trying to resist the urge to fix every
problem is important and instead, focusing on helping your child, slowly but surely, growing into
a good problem-solver (Roe, 2015). Notably, a kid who knows how to roll with life’s ups and
CASE STUDY OF DANIAL ASSESSMENT PAPER
downs, put feelings into words, calm down when needed, and bounce back to try again is
stronger, while again parents cannot solve every problem that their kids go through in life, but by
teaching healthy coping strategies, a parent will prepare their kids to manage the stresses that
come in the future (Glăveanu, 2011).
Moreover, creating a healthy and clean home, work space and even social environment
can influence a persons behaviors, which therefore means that altering your environment can
help alleviate stress, such as, cleaning up a cluttered environment can help (Glăveanu, 2011). It
is therefore important to look around one’s home or even their car and ask themselves, does this
space feel clear and relaxing? (MacIver, 2013). Clearing up one’s home space for the family is
something a parent and his/her children can control, and it teaches children to focus on those
things they can control when feeling stressed (Roe, 2015).
Intially in the presented case study Danial is small in appearance and loves girly things.
We see that he loves playing with girls and dolls too. His father is uncomfortable since he wishes
Danial to be like his brother who loves playing soccer and he is the best in his high school team.
His discomfort is evident when he rolls his eye during the interview explaining to me about
danial behavior. Danial is seven years by age and is in second grade. He can be easily mistaken
for a girl due to his fashion and looks quite tiny for his age. Danial parents, Yalda his mother is
34 years and his father Nasir is 39years.his father runs three convenience stores.Danial has a
brother fifteen years of age who is perfect in athletes and is the best player in scoring in his high
school team. Danial parents moves to from Pakistan 10 years ago and they brought Yalda parents
with them. danial looks frightened when they entered the office danial clings onto his mother on
the one end of the sofa. Danial has complained of stomachaches since beginning of New Year in
CASE STUDY OF DANIAL ASSESSMENT PAPER
the new school. His mother thinks that Danial wants to stay at home since he used to behave the
same way in kindergarten and the first months of his first grade schooling.
Part 4
Danial is a member of a muslim family. Moreover, Danial’s family is more interested in
maintaining the culture of their country of origin, as opposed to assimilating to the American
culture. Notably, the culture of Danial’s family’s country of origin is influenced largely by
religion, which is muslim religion. However, in America there are approximately 2 to 8 million
muslims. The population of muslims in America is ethnically diverse, and originates from over
80 countries across four continents. Two thirds of the muslims in America are immigrants.
Consequently, some American muslims are pious, while others are only moderately religious,
whereas others are secular and don’t practice Islam, they only relate to it. Some American
muslims may attend the mosque once a week and also pray daily while other American muslims
rarely practice or engage in Islam. Therefore, this implies that, since when Danial was a child, he
interacted with fellow muslims, who had different levels of engagent to Islam and hence
influencing Danial’s growth and belief in Islam.
According to traditional perspectives of Islam, the hadith talks of the main offences
practiced in Sodom being idolatry along with avarice. Additionaly, inhospitality was also
witnessed with raping of men visitors being rampant. Nonetheless, the hadith unequivocally also
condemns acts of male homosexuals. In Quran 4:16 the Quran stresses that there should be
indeterminate punishment of men who are found guilty of profanity as one unless the men
repent. To a majority of muslims, they are of the view that Prophet Muhammed should have
instead declared a penalty of equal weight to Zina for the active partner in homosexuality, along
with the passive partner, which is capital punishment through stoning. This then implies that, this
CASE STUDY OF DANIAL ASSESSMENT PAPER
is one of the reasons, Danial’s father is so hard on him and disapproves of his behavior and
character.
However, in some references of the Quran, there are implications of homosexuality in
paradise, which is attributed to Arab culture along with the Muslim culture. Diagnostic and
statistical manual of mental disorder became famous in the 1950s and was acknowledged by the
psychoanalytic community. The clinicians of psychoanalyst differentiated the as a more severe
mental illness that made people to lose touch with the actuality of the world. The disorder is
caused by how an individual is raised. It was views as a fault in an individual’s personality. The
theory of Frued’s was used for psychotherapy in the 1960sIn the 1980s a new model of the
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) as the study fields for sciences.
The new models are based upon scientific references unlike in the 1960s where the model was
based upon theories which were not proven. For these disorders to proceed to the next level of
research, they had to be characterized in a way that they would be observable hence the disorders
could be measured. Frued’s theory did not measure disorders hence the theory was swapped with
behaviors and thoughts that could be observed and measured. This made Freudian theory to
decline and cognitive behavior theory rose rapidly since it put emphasis on manifestation of
measurable and observable disorders. The was also rise in the model of medicine since it stressed
on symptoms of pathology and their biological causes. This models assisted individuals to have a
new knowledge of more efficient healthy ways to behave and think so as to have a better way of
reducing their stress.
It is therefore recommendable to keep Danial’s bedroom neat, and make sure it’s dark
enough while also avoid temperatures that are too hot or cold (Ferns, 2016). In addition, make
sure his bed is comfortable by use of a white noise machine to block out any undesirable sounds,
CASE STUDY OF DANIAL ASSESSMENT PAPER
while also reserve the bedroom for sleeping since working in the bedroom may cause one to
associate it with stress (Shah, 2016). Moreover, it is important to make sure that Danial is
involved in physical exercise as a way of improving his sleep, hence finding an activity that
Danial enjoys, whether it’s running, strength training, dancing, rowing or rock climbing and
encouraging him to work out 3 to 5 times a week would be effective (Harre, 2016). Moreover,
exercise time should be schedule for the morning if possible, which implies that one should not
exercise right before bed as it will leave them too amped up for sleep (Heru, 2012).
References
Brooks, K. (2014). Telling the Stories of Gay, Lesbian, and Transgender Muslims. Sex Roles,
71(9-10), 351-353.
Crafter, S. (2015). Cultural psychology and Deconstructing Developmental Psychology.
Feminism & Psychology, 25(3), 388-401.
Ferns, S. (2016). Changing Gender Roles and Public-Policy Perspectives since Donovan: A
Trade-Union View. Historical Studies In Industrial Relations, 37, 229-235.
Flynn, A., Johnson, R., Bolton, S., & Mojtabai, R. (2016). Victimization of Lesbian, Gay, and
Bisexual People in Childhood: Associations with Attempted Suicide. Suicide And Life-
Threatening Behavior, 46(4), 457-470.
